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Frontiers of Justice
By
Martha C. Nussbaum
Description
Theories of social
justice are necessarily abstract, reaching beyond the particular and
the immediate to the general and the timeless. Yet such theories,
addressing the world and its problems, must respond to the real and
changing dilemmas of the day. A brilliant work of practical
philosophy, Frontiers of Justice is dedicated to this proposition.
Taking up three urgent problems of social justice neglected by
current theories and thus harder to tackle in practical terms and
everyday life, Martha Nussbaum seeks a theory of social justice that
can guide us to a richer, more responsive approach to social
cooperation.
The idea of the
social contract--especially as developed in the work of John
Rawls--is one of the most powerful approaches to social justice in
the Western tradition. But as Nussbaum demonstrates, even Rawls\\\\\\\'s
theory, suggesting a contract for mutual advantage among approximate
equals, cannot address questions of social justice posed by unequal
parties. How, for instance, can we extend the equal rights of
citizenship--education, health care, political rights and
liberties--to those with physical and mental disabilities? How can we
extend justice and dignified life conditions to all citizens of the
world? And how, finally, can we bring our treatment of nonhuman
animals into our notions of social justice? Exploring the limitations
of the social contract in these three areas, Nussbaum devises an
alternative theory based on the idea of \\\"capabilities.\\\" She
helps us to think more clearly about the purposes of political
cooperation and the nature of political principles--and to look to a
future of greater justice for all.
Contents
Abbreviations
Introduction
1. Social Contracts and Three
Unsolved Problems of Justice
i. The State
of Nature
ii. Three
Unsolved Problems
iii. Rawls
and the Unsolved Problems
iv. Free,
Equal, and Independent
v. Grotius,
Hobbes, Locke, Hume, Kant
vi. Three
Forms of Contemporary Contractarianism
vii. The
Capabilities Approach
viii.
Capabilities and Contractarianism
ix. In
Search of Global Justice
2. Disabilities and the Social
Contract
i. Needs for
Care, Problems of Justice
ii.
Prudential and Moral Versions of the Contract; Public and Private
iii. Rawls\\\\\\\'s
Kantian Contractarianism: Primary Goods, Kantian Personhood, Rough
Equality, Mutual Advantage
iv.
Postponing the Question of Disability
v. Kantian
Personhood and Mental Impairment
vi. Care and
Disability: Kittay and Sen
vii.
Reconstructing Contractarianism?
3. Capabilities and
Disabilities
i. The
Capabilities Approach: A Noncontractarian Account of Care
ii. The
Bases of Social Cooperation
iii.
Dignity: Aristotelian, not Kantian
iv. The
Priority of the Good, the Role of Agreement
v. Why
Capabilities?
vi. Care and
the Capabilities List
vii.
Capability or Functioning?
viii. The
Charge of Intuitionism
ix. The
Capabilities Approach and Rawls\\\\\\\'s Principles of Justice
x. Types and
Levels of Dignity: The Species Norm
xi. Public
Policy: The Question of Guardianship
xii. Public
Policy: Education and Inclusion
xiii. Public
Policy: The Work of Care
xiv.
Liberalism and Human Capabilities
4. Mutual Advantage and Global
Inequality: The Transnational Social Contract
i. A World
of Inequalities
ii. A Theory
of Justice: The Two-Stage Contract Introduced
iii. The Law
of Peoples: The Two-Stage Contract Reaffirmed and Modified
iv.
Justification and Implementation
v. Assessing
the Two-Stage Contract
vi. The
Global Contract: Beitz and Pogge
vii.
Prospects for an International Contractrarianism
5. Capabilities across
National Boundaries
i. Social
Cooperation: The Priority of Entitlements
ii. Why
Capabilities?
iii.
Capabilities and Rights
iv. Equality
and Adequacy
v. Pluralism
and Toleration
vi. An
International \\\"Overlapping Consensus\\\"?
vii.
Globalizing the Capabilities Approach: The Role of Institutions
viii.
Globalizing the Capabilities Approach: What Institutions?
ix. Ten
Principles for the Global Structure
6. Beyond \\\"Compassion and
Humanity\\\": Justice for Nonhuman Animals
i. \\\"Beings
Entitled to Dignified Existence\\\"
ii. Kantian
Social-Contract Views: Indirect Duties, Duties of Compassion
iii.
Utilitarianism and Animal Flourishing
iv. Types of
Dignity, Types of Flourishing: Extending the Capabilities Approach
v.
Methodology: Theory and Imagination
vi. Species
and Individual
vii.
Evaluating Animal Capabilities: No Nature Worship
viii.
Positive and Negative, Capability and Functioning
ix. Equality
and Adequacy
x. Death and
Harm
xi. An
Overlapping Consensus?
xii. Toward
Basic Political Principles: The Capabilities List
xiii. The
Ineliminability of Conflict
xiv. Toward
a Truly Global Justice
7. The Moral Sentiments and
the Capabilities Approach
Notes
References
Index
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